What Drugs Cause Depression and Anxiety?

Unveiling the dark side: Explore drugs that trigger depression and anxiety, their effects, and risks.

Leora B.H. Staff

June 05, 2024

Drugs and Mental Health

The relationship between drugs and mental health is complex, and certain substances can have a significant impact on one's emotional well-being. Understanding the effects of different drugs on mental health is crucial for promoting overall well-being. In this section, we will explore the impact of cannabis, stimulant drugs, ecstasy, hallucinogenic drugs, and drug addiction on mental health.

Cannabis and Mental Health

Regular cannabis use has been found to increase the risk of anxiety or depression. In some cases, stronger forms of cannabis have been linked to the development of psychosis or schizophrenia. It is important to note that individual responses to cannabis can vary, and some may experience positive effects or find relief from specific symptoms. However, it is crucial to be aware of the potential risks and consider the impact on mental health.

Stimulant Drugs

Stimulant drugs such as cocaine can induce feelings of depression, anxiety, and paranoia. Prolonged use of these substances can also trigger psychosis and schizophrenia, particularly in individuals with pre-existing mental health issues. The stimulating effects of these drugs on the central nervous system can disrupt the delicate balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to significant mental health challenges.

Ecstasy and Memory Issues

Ecstasy, a commonly used club drug, can have adverse effects on memory. Users may experience difficulties with memory recall, both in the short-term and long-term. These memory problems can persist even after discontinuing the use of the drug, impacting daily functioning and overall well-being. It is essential to be cautious when using ecstasy and consider the potential consequences on cognitive function.

Hallucinogenic Drugs

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as magic mushrooms and LSD, can exacerbate existing mental health problems. These substances may cause individuals to feel detached from their surroundings and experience distressing flashbacks even after the drug's effects have worn off. It is particularly important for individuals with a history of mental health issues to exercise caution when considering the use of hallucinogens.

Drug Addiction and Mental Health

Drug addiction is strongly associated with mental health problems. The misuse of any drug, whether it is illicit or prescription, can be dangerous and have profound effects on mental well-being. Substance abuse can lead to increased anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders. It is crucial to seek help and support when dealing with drug addiction to address both the substance abuse and underlying mental health concerns.

Understanding the impact of these drugs on mental health is essential for making informed decisions about substance use. It is always advisable to seek professional help if you or someone you know is struggling with drug use or experiencing mental health difficulties.

Prescription Drugs and Mental Health

Prescription drugs can have various effects on mental health, including the potential to trigger depression and anxiety. It's important to be aware of the side effects and risks associated with these medications. In this section, we will explore the side effects of Adderall and Ritalin, discuss other medications that may also have mental health effects, and address the dependency risks associated with these drugs.

Adderall and Ritalin Side Effects

Adderall and Ritalin are commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While they can be effective in managing ADHD symptoms, they may also come with certain side effects. Some of the common side effects of Adderall and Ritalin include:

Decreased appetite
Weight loss
Sleep problems
Nervousness

In addition, there are warnings about potential serious side effects such as heart problems, mental health problems, seizures, blurred vision, and circulation problems in the fingers and toes. Men taking Adderall may also experience changes in sex drive, impotence, frequent erections, or erections that last longer than usual. Hair loss and rhabdomyolysis, a condition where muscles break down, are other possible side effects.

Other Medications and Side Effects

While Adderall and Ritalin are commonly associated with mental health side effects, it's important to note that other medications can also have an impact. The side effects vary depending on the specific medication and individual factors. It is essential to discuss any concerns or potential side effects with a healthcare professional.

Dependency Risks

Both Adderall and Ritalin are classified as Schedule II controlled substances by the FDA due to their potential for dependency. However, the long-acting forms of these medications may be less likely to lead to dependence as they release the medicine slowly [2]. It's crucial to follow the prescribed dosage and duration of use to minimize the risk of dependency.

It's worth noting that the longer-acting forms of Adderall and Ritalin are generally more expensive than the shorter-acting forms. Generic versions of these medications can be significantly cheaper than brand names, providing a more cost-effective option.

Misuse of Ritalin, such as taking high doses or using it for a long time, can lead to habit-forming behaviors. Large doses can produce a temporary feeling of euphoria, and withdrawal from the drug can result in symptoms like sleep problems, fatigue, and depression.

Understanding the potential side effects and risks associated with prescription medications is crucial for informed decision-making and maintaining mental well-being. It's essential to have open and honest discussions with healthcare professionals to ensure the proper use and monitoring of these medications.

Specific Drugs and Mental Health

Certain drugs have been found to have potential effects on mental health, including the development of depression and anxiety. In this section, we will explore the relationship between mental health and specific drugs such as corticosteroids, isotretinoin, levo-dopar, and mefloquine.

Corticosteroids and Mental Health

Corticosteroids, commonly used for their anti-inflammatory properties, have been associated with various psychiatric side effects. Approximately 6% of all patients who take corticosteroids develop some form of psychiatric side effects. These side effects may include mood changes, irritability, anxiety, and even depressive symptoms.

Isotretinoin and Depression

Isotretinoin, a medication prescribed for severe acne, has been linked to reports of depression and even suicide attempts. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received reports of depression and suicide attempts in patients treated with isotretinoin. While the exact mechanism of how isotretinoin may contribute to these mental health issues is not fully understood, it is important for individuals taking this medication to be aware of the potential risks and to seek medical attention if they experience any concerning symptoms.

Levo-dopar and Anxiety

Levo-dopar, a medication commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease, can sometimes lead to the development or exacerbation of anxiety symptoms. While the exact prevalence of anxiety as a side effect of levo-dopar is not well-established, individuals taking this medication should be aware of the potential for anxiety-related symptoms and discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider.

Mefloquine and Psychiatric Effects

Mefloquine, a medication prescribed for the prevention and treatment of malaria, has been associated with psychiatric side effects in some individuals. Severe psychiatric side effects, including psychosis, delusions, and suicidal ideation, can occur in less than 1% of patients under therapeutic doses. While the incidence of these effects is relatively low, it is important for individuals taking mefloquine to be aware of the potential risks and to seek medical attention if they experience any concerning psychiatric symptoms.

It is crucial to note that the occurrence of mental health side effects can vary among individuals, and not everyone who takes these medications will experience them. However, it is important to be aware of the potential risks associated with these specific drugs and to consult with a healthcare professional if any concerning symptoms arise. Monitoring and open communication with healthcare providers can help ensure the safe and appropriate use of these medications.

Antidepressants and Side Effects

Antidepressants are commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of depression and anxiety. While they can be effective in improving mood and mental well-being, it's important to be aware of potential side effects that may arise. In this section, we will discuss some common side effects associated with antidepressants, specifically focusing on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

SSRIs and Bleeding Risk

One of the side effects of SSRIs is an increased risk of bleeding. These medications can affect platelet clotting and raise the risk of bleeding, particularly in older individuals. It's important to be vigilant for symptoms such as easy bruising or nosebleeds while taking SSRIs. This risk is more common in the first 2 to 4 weeks after starting an antidepressant and can be managed by closely monitoring any signs of bleeding.

Blood Sodium Levels

Antidepressants, including SSRIs, can interfere with blood sodium levels. This can lead to a condition called hyponatremia, which is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood. Symptoms of hyponatremia may include headaches, confusion, and other signs, especially in the initial weeks of starting an antidepressant. It's essential to communicate any unusual symptoms to your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management.

Emotional Blunting

Some individuals may experience emotional blunting as a side effect of taking antidepressants. Emotional blunting refers to a decrease in the intensity of emotions or feeling emotionally numb. While this can be distressing for some, it's important to remember that emotional blunting is a common side effect that can be managed through various strategies. If emotional blunting becomes a significant concern, it's important to discuss it with your healthcare provider for further guidance.

Discontinuation Syndrome

Discontinuing antidepressants abruptly can lead to a range of symptoms known as discontinuation syndrome. These symptoms may include flu-like sensations, dizziness, irritability, anxiety, and a worsening of depression. It is crucial to consult with a doctor before stopping antidepressant medication to avoid these risks and discuss alternative treatment options. Different methods, such as conservative switch, moderate switch, direct switch, or cross-taper, can be employed under medical supervision to change antidepressants effectively.

It's important to remember that not everyone experiences these side effects, and the benefits of antidepressant treatment often outweigh the potential risks. However, it's essential to communicate with your healthcare provider if you have any concerns or if the side effects become overwhelming. They can provide guidance on managing side effects and make necessary adjustments to your treatment plan to ensure your well-being and mental health.

Mental Illness and Drug Use

The relationship between mental illness and drug use is a complex one. Certain drugs have been found to have the potential to trigger or exacerbate mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. In this section, we will explore the impact of cannabis, alcohol, new psychoactive substances, and amphetamines on mental health.

Cannabis and Psychosis

Regular cannabis use can increase the risk of anxiety or depression. However, it is important to note that the relationship between cannabis and mental health is multifaceted and varies from individual to individual. Stronger strains of cannabis, particularly those high in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have been linked to an increased risk of developing psychosis or schizophrenia. It's essential to approach cannabis use with caution and be aware of potential risks, especially for individuals with a predisposition to mental health disorders.

Alcohol Effects on Mental Health

Alcohol, when consumed in excess, can have detrimental effects on mental health. While alcohol may initially provide feelings of relaxation, it can worsen the symptoms associated with certain mental health issues. Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a range of physical and mental harm, including increased anxiety, depression, and decreased overall well-being. It is important to be mindful of alcohol consumption and seek professional help if alcohol begins to negatively impact mental health.

New Psychoactive Substances

New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), also known as "legal highs" or "designer drugs," refer to a range of synthetic substances that mimic the effects of illegal drugs. These substances can have unpredictable effects on mental health. NPS can cause confusion, panic, hallucinations, and affect judgment, potentially putting individuals at serious risk. It is important to avoid using NPS due to the potential for severe adverse effects on mental well-being.

Amphetamines and Anxiety

Amphetamines, including drugs like methamphetamine, can have significant impacts on mental health when used in the long term. These stimulant drugs can lead to anxiety, depression, addiction, and difficulty sleeping. Prolonged use of amphetamines can disrupt the brain's natural chemistry and exacerbate existing mental health conditions. It is crucial to approach the use of amphetamines with caution and seek professional help if experiencing mental health difficulties.

Understanding the potential impact of various drugs on mental health is essential for making informed decisions. If you or someone you know is struggling with mental health issues related to drug use, it is crucial to seek support from healthcare professionals who can provide appropriate guidance and treatment.

Anxiety Medications and Side Effects

For individuals experiencing anxiety, medication can be an important component of their treatment plan. However, it's crucial to be aware of the potential side effects associated with anxiety medications. In this section, we will explore some common anxiety medications and their respective side effects.

Benzodiazepines Risks

Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of anxiety. While they can be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, it's important to understand the potential risks associated with their use. Benzodiazepines can cause addiction, leading to dependence and withdrawal symptoms when discontinued abruptly. Other side effects may include confusion, excessive sleepiness, and dangerous interactions when combined with other drugs or alcohol.

SSRIs and SNRIs Side Effects

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly prescribed antidepressants that can also be effective in treating anxiety disorders. While these medications are considered safe and efficacious, they may have certain side effects. Common side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs include nausea, low sex drive, and difficulty sleeping. It's important to note that these side effects often improve within a few weeks of starting the medication.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are an older class of antidepressant medications that can also be used to treat anxiety disorders. These medications work by affecting the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. While TCAs can be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, they may also lead to side effects. Some common side effects of TCAs include a dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and drowsiness. It's important to note that these side effects typically ease after a couple of weeks as the body adjusts to the medication.

Elderly Individuals and Antidepressants

Elderly individuals who take antidepressant medications, especially SSRIs, may be at risk of experiencing a severe drop in sodium levels, a condition known as hyponatremia. This drop in sodium levels can be dangerous and may lead to symptoms similar to depression or side effects of antidepressants. In severe cases, it can even cause a person to stop breathing or enter a coma. It's important for healthcare professionals to monitor sodium levels in elderly individuals taking antidepressant medications.

When considering anxiety medications, it's essential to have a thorough discussion with a healthcare professional about the potential benefits and risks associated with each medication. The choice of medication should be tailored to the individual's specific needs and medical history. Regular follow-ups with a healthcare professional are important to monitor the effectiveness of the medication and manage any potential side effects.

Mental Health Statistics

Understanding the prevalence and impact of mental illness is essential in addressing the challenges individuals face in relation to depression and anxiety. In this section, we will explore some key statistics related to mental health, the impact of COVID-19, the misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder, and the use of the Patient Health Questionnaire.

Prevalence of Mental Illness

Mental illness affects a significant portion of the population. In the United States, the estimated prevalence of any mental illness is 20.6%. The rates are higher among females (24.5%) compared to males (16.3%), and higher in younger adults (29.4% in ages 18-24) compared to middle-aged (25.0% in ages 26-49) or older adults (14.1% in ages 50 and older). These statistics highlight the widespread impact of mental health conditions and the need for effective interventions and support.

Impact of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on mental health. Studies have shown that depression symptoms have become more prevalent during the pandemic, with rates as much as three times higher compared to pre-pandemic levels. Individuals with lower income, less savings, and more stressors have been particularly affected. The pandemic has brought about various challenges, such as social isolation, economic uncertainty, and increased anxiety, contributing to the rise in mental health issues.

Bipolar Disorder Misdiagnosis

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition characterized by alternating periods of depressive and manic or hypomanic episodes. It is not uncommon for individuals with bipolar disorder to be misdiagnosed initially as having major depressive disorder (MDD). This misdiagnosis occurs because patients with bipolar disorder tend to experience depressive episodes more frequently than manic or hypomanic episodes. However, appropriate diagnosis is essential for developing effective treatment plans.

Patient Health Questionnaire

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a valuable tool used in assessing depressive symptoms. It is a patient-reported symptom scale that evaluates the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The PHQ-9 helps clinicians differentiate between mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression. It includes specific questions to inquire about suicidal ideation. This questionnaire aids in the accurate evaluation of depression levels, assisting healthcare professionals in providing appropriate care and support.

Understanding the prevalence of mental illness, the impact of external factors, and the importance of accurate diagnosis and assessment tools is crucial in addressing the mental health challenges faced by individuals. By recognizing these statistics, healthcare professionals can work towards improving mental health support and promoting overall well-being.

Antidepressants and Withdrawal

Antidepressants are commonly prescribed medications used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. While they can be highly effective in improving symptoms, it's important to be aware of potential withdrawal effects when discontinuing these medications. In this section, we will explore the withdrawal effects of antidepressants, as well as the potential risks associated with the misuse of Ritalin.

Misuse of Ritalin

Ritalin, a medication commonly prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), can be misused when taken in high doses or used for a long time. Misuse of Ritalin can lead to habit-forming behaviors and may result in withdrawal symptoms when the medication is abruptly stopped. These symptoms can include sleep problems, fatigue, and depression. It is important to use Ritalin as prescribed by a healthcare professional and to follow their guidance when discontinuing the medication.

Circulation Problems

Ritalin has been associated with circulation problems that can affect the extremities, such as fingers and toes. Symptoms may include cold and painful fingers and toes, as well as changes in skin color. Ritalin is also linked to peripheral vascular disease, including Raynaud's disease, and may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions [3]. If you experience any concerning symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.

Digestive Issues

Misuse of Ritalin can result in various digestive issues. These may include reduced appetite, stomachache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Prolonged misuse of Ritalin may lead to malnutrition, unintentional weight loss, and related health problems. It is important to use Ritalin as prescribed and to seek medical attention if you experience any severe or persistent digestive issues.

Antidepressants Overview

Antidepressants are medications commonly used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. They work by altering the balance of chemicals in the brain that are involved in mood regulation. There are different types of antidepressants available, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclics, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) [9].

It's important to note that when discontinuing antidepressant medications, individuals may experience discontinuation syndrome, which can include symptoms such as flu-like symptoms, dizziness, irritability, and mood swings. It is recommended to gradually decrease the dosage of antidepressants under the guidance of a healthcare professional to minimize these effects.

Understanding the potential withdrawal effects of antidepressants and the risks associated with the misuse of medications like Ritalin is essential for managing mental health and ensuring the safe use of these medications. If you have any concerns or questions, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and support.